iPhone 6s vs iPhone 7: 2016 Will Be A HUGE Year For Apple's iPhone

READ MORE ABOUT: MOBILE PHONES APPLE APPLE IPHONE 6S APPLE IPHONE 7

We gaze into our crystal ball to see how the 2015 and 2016 iPhones will differ, as we look at the iPhone 6s and the iPhone 7

As tech journalists we're in something of a unique position to comment on the nature of smartphone rumours and consumer interest in new devices - and there are some very interesting, if somewhat amusing observations to be made. Like any website, we use Google Analytics to look at traffic and search trends; we can see what gets read the most, and what people are looking to read about the most. And here's the kicker - the overwhelming trend is that people love rumours; people love to read about devices that haven't been launched yet, even devices which are NOWHERE near being ready for launch. It's funny because there are always naysayers about long-term rumour stories, comments to the effect of "this is nothing but speculation," and so on. But the truth of the matter is that the majority opinion, as demonstrated by the figures we see, PREFERS this kind of stuff, over reading about devices that have already been launched. Matter of fact, it's quite noticable that reader interest in a newly rumoured product SURGES, but then NOSEDIVES almost immediately after said device is announced officially. We see it with the iPhone, we see it with Samsung Galaxy devices, and we see it with Google Nexus hardware too.

People, readers...that's YOU LOT, love a rumour. That's the fact of the matter. You love anticipating a new phone that isn't out yet - the next best thing - so much more than something that is launched and has become a reality. You love a tease. Don't even try to deny it!
So with that in mind we're quite happy to write about things that haven't been launched yet and give you your fix!
Today we are comparing the current-gen iPhone 6s (the one released in September 2015) with 2016's as-yet unnanounced iPhone 7. (The image above is an awesome mockup by Computerbild.de of what the iPhone 7 could look like, by the way).

This is worth a look because of a few other factors. First being how unnervingly thorough, far-reaching and accurate the modern rumour mill is - nothing escapes its tendrils and already we're getting plenty of juicy information about next year's iPhone 7, much of it from repeatedly proven reliable sources. On top of that, although the iPhone 6s has just come out Apple has likely been at work on the next iPhone–the iPhone 7–for at least a few years now. And because of the way Apple’s iPhone product cycles work, it’s relatively easy to predict what a major new iPhone design will feature. You see, Apple historically has released iPhone upgrades on a “tick-tock” basis. Every tick is a major new form-factor upgrade and every tock retains the old form factor but usually introduces a new feature.

Examples of “tick” releases are the iPhone 4, the iPhone 5, and the iPhone 6 (and 6 Plus). These iPhones all featured radical form-factor redesigns over the previous iPhone. The iPhone 4 had the first Retina display and glass and aluminum body. The iPhone 5 had the 4-inch screen. The iPhone 6 had the 4.7-inch screen and so on. Examples of “tock” releases are the iPhone 4S, the iPhone 5s, and the iPhone 6s. In each case each of these phones retained the same form-factor of its predecessor but added new usability features. The iPhone 4s added Siri; the iPhone 5s added the Touch ID and M7 motion coprocessor; and the iPhone 6s added the 3D Touch display.

"The big worry is that as the iPhone 7 is said to be so slim," reports Expert Reviews , "it means that there's less room inside for battery, which again will have an impact on battery life. I think it's a little early to start panicking yet, as reduced battery life is not a certainty and there are a few tricks that Apple might have up its sleeve. For starters, the new A10 chip will, no doubt, be more energy efficient than the A9 SoC in the iPhone 6S. It will probably be built using a smaller fabrication process, which will also mean that it takes up less room in the case, leaving more room for a bigger battery. Next, Apple will most likely work on making iOS 10 more energy efficient, again helping boost battery power."
Word on the street suggests we will probably see three iPhone 7 handsets in 2016. Apple is apparently keen to rekindle its iPhone Xc range and will utilise the iPhone 5s as the reference model for the iPhone 7c, meaning it will support TouchID among other things. This isn’t the first chatter we’ve heard about the iPhone 7c, either. Earlier in the year multiple sources began claiming Apple would release another iPhone C handset in 2016 in order to further bolster its strangle hold one the mobile space where it currently commands around 90-odd % of all profits.

A new report from TrendForce claims the iPhone 7 will be water-proof, a feature many Android handsets have had for YEARS. Beyond this the company reckons Apple will radically alter the design and finish of the handset and also include more RAM, perhaps as much as 3GB, as well as a third handset called the iPhone 7c.
“Apple will release the upgraded 4-inch iPhone C series in the second quarter of 2016,” said the report. “The next iPhone (currently dubbed “iPhone 7”) will be introduced in the second half of next year. The major selling points of the next iPhone will be the 3GB memory upgrade for the 5.5-inch model and waterproof feature. Based on TrendForce’s estimation, about 260 million iPhones will be shipped in 2016, representing an annual growth of 12.5% and a market share of 18.5%. With the smartphone market becoming less profitable, iPhone will still have the highest margin next year compared with products from rival vendors.”
It added: “Samsung’s shipments are anticipated to drop 4% annually to 310 million due to Chinese competitors undercutting its prices. Apple is anticipated to significantly narrow its market share gap with Samsung next year as well. TrendForce analysis indicates that Samsung will hold 22% of the global smartphone market in 2016, a decline from 2015. Wu added that Samsung’s flagship devices for this year have hit the ceiling in specs, so the South Korean powerhouse will be straining to bring hardware innovations to its next smartphone release.”
“KGI analyst Ming-Chi Kuo,” reports Apple Insider, “whose predictions have in the past been accurate, said he expects Apple's upcoming 4-inch iPhone to be functionally similar to a buffed iPhone 5s, the last iPhone model to sport a 4-inch display. Kuo says demand is still present for a smaller Apple handset, and the company plans to capitalize come next year. Mass production will likely start sometime in the first half of 2016, suggesting a potential product launch alongside next year's ‘iPhone 7’ lineup.”

Speaking of the iPhone 6s -- this year’s model saw a raft of major improvements in several key areas, though most notably imaging and processing power. Beyond this we saw more RAM included, 2GB to be specific, as well as slightly thicker chassis overall, owing to the inclusion of 3D Touch technology in the display panel. So while it might look A LOT like last year’s model it will function quite a bit differently.

Sales have been INSANE, too:

Apple announced it sold more than 13 million new iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus models, a new record, just three days after launch. iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus will be available in more than 40 additional countries beginning October 9 including Italy, Mexico, Russia, Spain and Taiwan. The new iPhones will be available in over 130 countries by the end of the year.

This is a HUGE figure and, importantly, it is quite a bit more than Apple shifted last year which, again, is pretty significant for a release many consider to be minor or incremental. China helped in a big way this year, having access to the new iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus at the same time as other markets around the world. Apple confirmed 13 million sales during the first few weeks but that figure is expected to grow rapidly in the coming weeks and months.

“Sales for iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus have been phenomenal, blowing past any previous first weekend sales results in Apple’s history,” said Tim Cook, Apple’s CEO. “Customers’ feedback is incredible and they are loving 3D Touch and Live Photos, and we can’t wait to bring iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus to customers in even more countries on October 9.”

But those iPhone 6s sales could pale in comparison to the next iPhone 7. So without further ado, let's gaze into our crystal ball to see what each phone will be like, starting with the specs:

iPhone 6s vs Likely iPhone 7:
Major Specs
Current iPhone 6s
Display: 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch 3D Touch, max res of 1920x1080
Design: It looks exactly the same as the iPhone 6 (rounded corners, aluminum body)
Storage: 16, 64, and 128GB
CPU and RAM: A9 processor, 2GB RAM
Front Camera: 5MP
Rear Camera: 12MP, 4K video recording
Likely iPhone 7
Display: 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch 3D Touch, but likely with a QHD display of 2560 x 1440 resolution
Design: Completely new design. Thinner body and bezel.
Storage: 32, 64, and 128GB
CPU and RAM: A10 processor, 3GB RAM
Front Camera: 5MP with wide angle lens
Rear Camera: 12MP, 4K video recording, optical image stabilization.

The important thing to remember with iPhone upgrades is that the tock “S” cycle upgrade primarily see internal enhancements and the tick prime upgrades see body design changes. That’s why the iPhone 6s had more radical internal changes from the iPhone 6 than the iPhone 6s will to the iPhone 7. The iPhone 6s got the A9 processor and FINALLY 2GB of RAM. That means that the iPhone 7 will almost certainly have an A10 chipset and 3GB of RAM. Traditionally Apple has kept the amount of RAM the same for more than one year, but by the time the iPhone 7 ships in autumn 2016, most Android phones will have 4GB RAM minimum. Apple will need to keep up, if not match it.

As for storage options, with the iPhone 7 we finally expect Apple to drop the 16GB entry level option for a 32GB entry level model. Needless to say, dropping the 16GB storage model is long overdue. No one, NO ONE should buy a 16GB smartphone. You’ll fill it all up with large 12MP photos in the first month you own it.

iPhone 6s vs Likely iPhone 7: Design
The iPhone 6s looks exactly as the iPhone 6 does, just a bit thicker. But if that iPhone 6s design is looking a bit stale to you, then you are going to love the iPhone 7. It will feature a radically different design. What to expect? A thinner body is guaranteed. KGI Securities superstar analyst Ming-Chi Kuo, who has an excellent track record with predicting iPhone specs, says the iPhone 7 will be Apple’s thinnest yet–approaching the thinness of the iPod touch (which is really, really thin) Kuo expects the iPhone 7 to be between 6.0mm and 6.5mm thin (the iPod touch is 6.1mm thin).

Apple is now busy testing out designs and features for the iPhone 7; handsets are developed way in advance of release and this is why we get some many leaks. And according to information leaked on Weibo by a reliable tipster Apple is testing out five iPhone 7 prototypes. The news was picked up by G For Games, another reliable source, which reports that Apple is testing out a bunch of different features for next year’s iPhones.

Apple is currently experimenting with at least five different iPhone 7 models, each with its own unique hardware characteristics. By the sound of it Apple is trying to figure out which technologieswould go best in the upcoming model, all the while keeping an eye on the performance of its suppliers,” said the report. “Reportedly, some of the technologies that can be found in these prototypes include a USB Type-C connector compatible with headsets, wireless charging technology, multi-Force Touch, dual camera configurations, and fingerprint recognition technology embedded within the display.”

Apple is also said to be experimenting with AMOLED displays but this new display technology isn’t expected to appear inside commercial iPhones until at least 2018.

The USB Type-C rumour is very interesting, however, as it ties in nicely with yesterday’s report about Apple ditching 3.5mm jack support on the iPhone 7 in favour of something more proprietary. Is it possible Apple could switch out its lightening port connector for USB Type-C? Sure, it’s possible. But it just doesn’t seem very likely given the company’s track record. Still, there are PLENTY of benefits to using USB Type-C, so perhaps Apple is turning over a new leaf?

There’s also strong hints that Apple is working on doing away with the physical home button and embedding a virtual home button and Touch ID in the screen itself, but that might not come until the iPhone 8. Apple has filed patents for such a in-screen home button, but the company files patents for everything–99% of which never make it into a shipping product. Also, Digitimes is reporting that Apple has placed LCD display driver orders with touchscreen supplier Synaptics for its next iPhone. It would not need these LCD display drivers if its own work on integrated Touch ID and displays were moving along at pace.

One aspect of the new iPhone 7’s potential design could cause some users some issues, however, as multiple sources are now claiming Apple is looking to do away with traditional headphones, meaning no 3.5mm jack-support on the iPhone 7. It will be replaced by a lightning port, apparently, and this of course means you’ll have to buy and adaptor in order to make your old headphones work with the iPhone 7.
Why is Apple doing this? Apparently it is ALL about design. Apple wants to make the iPhone 7 1mm thinner than the iPhone 6s and in order to do this it needs to ditch the traditional 3.5mm jack port. Fortunately, Apple’s lightning connector is EXACTLY the right size and, fortunately again, Apple has no issues selling you a $15 convertor to access it.

Sounds crazy, right? But remember: Apple did exactly the same thing with CD drives and USB ports on its MacBooks, so, yeah… you’ve been WARNED.

iPhone 6s vs Likely iPhone 7:
Waterproofing
Earlier this autumn the internet freaked out when videos surfaced of the iPhone 6s surviving 30 minutes underwater . It turns out Apple secretly added new adhesive strips inside the iPhone 6s to block any moisture getting in. Now a
Chinese Mac blog is claiming that this was just a dry run (get the pun) for Apple, and that the iPhone 7 will officially be certified as waterproof.
In addition to waterproofing by using internal gaskets, another Chinese site is claiming Apple will ditch the aluminum casing of the iPhone 6s for an all new plastic material on the iPhone 7 to make sure the device is fully waterproof. We don’t see Apple’s iPhone 7 being a plastic phone, but only time will tell.

iPhone 6s vs Likely iPhone 7:
LTE chipset
Right now the iPhone 6s uses an LTE chipset from Qualcomm, but recent rumors point to Intel working on an iPhone-compatible LTE chipset for the iPhone 7 . If this is true users won’t likely notice much of a difference. Instead, Apple would use the Intel LTE chip so it can drive component costs down.

iPhone 6s vs Likely iPhone 7:
Display
The iPhone 6s gained the 3D Touch display that the Apple Watch has (there, it is called the Force Touch display)–of course the iPhone 7 will adopt this 3D Touch display as well. But we also expect the iPhone 7 to get a higher resolution display, specifically a QHD one with a resolution of 2560 x 1440, as many Android handsets have. By autumn of 2016 anything less that 2560x1440 will be the equivalent of what standard definition is today.
Apple could also make subtle upgrades to the 3D Touch display in the iPhone 7–for example, making it sensitive to more than two types of pressure inputs, but other than that we don’t expect the 3D Touch display to change much.
Also, it is unlikely that the iPhone 7 will adopt an AMOLED display, which is found in Samsung phones and the Apple Watch, according to Kuo. In a recent investors note he stated:

"Based on recent comments by Minebea, one of the main iPhone backlight unit suppliers, we believe AMOLED will not penetrate iPhone for the next three years. Moreover, Hon Hai is preparing to invest in Gen-6 LTPS TFT-LCD production lines in Zhengzhou, China for mass production in 2018, suggesting the iPhone line will likely stick with TFT-LCD technology in 2018 and thereafter. […]

Minebea, major BLU supplier of iPhone, stated to investors on November 5 that it does not foresee risk of TFT-LCD share loss to AMOLED in high-end smartphone market in next three years & guides growth in TFT-LCD going forward. As Apple and Samsung are the only two brands that currently offer premium smartphones, we think Minebea’s statements imply it does not expect iPhone to adopt AMOLED in the coming three years, given that Samsung’s models are already being equipped with it."

iPhone 6s vs Likely iPhone 7:
Camera
Internally the iPhone 6s gained a huge camera upgrade with its 12MP rear camera (up from the 8MP camera in the iPhone 6) and its 5MP front FaceTime camera (up for 1.8 MP in the iPhone 6). But going to the iPhone 7 we expect the camera upgrade to be less pronounced. Apple will probably keep to a 12MP rear camera but add optical image stabilization across the line (right now only the “Plus” models feature it). The iPhone 7 will also probably retain the same FaceTime camera.

The iPhone 6s also gained 4k video recording on the rear camera–something we don’t see changing or expanding on for the iPhone 7.
Apple is all about refinement with its imaging technology; it doesn’t bother with arbitrary specs-wars style updates to megapixels or things like laser-guided focus. Instead, it consistently updates the core components of what make a camera good at imaging -- optics, lens-technology and software.

The company some 800 people working on the future-generations of iPhone camera technology and, for one of the first times, Apple actually allowed Charlie Rose’s film grew inside its secretive R&D labs to see how the company goes about building its iPhone.

Other topics under discussion during the TV show were the iPhone, Apple’s aspirations inside the automotive industry and plenty of chatter about how the company and its teams of engineers and designers tackle new projects.

The iPhone’s camera features 200 separate individual components. Apple’s imaging design studio is so vast and complex that it can simulate almost every condition imaginable in order to test out the camera technology before it goes to production. Take the iPhone 6s Plus’ imaging prowess, for example. It is pretty much unparalleled in the mobile space at the moment, according to a raft of AV review and testing sites.

iPhone 6s vs Likely iPhone 7: A new 4-inch iPhone?

One final prediction according to Kou is that Apple will launch a new 4-inch iPhone alongside the iPhone 7 in 2016. Kou states:

"As there is still demand for a 4-inch iPhone, we believe Apple will upgrade this product line. Because the iPhone 5s is more popular than the iPhone 5c, we think Apple is likely to launch an upgraded iPhone 5s. We predict Apple will mass-produce this new 4-inch iPhone in 1H16 with metal casings. In order to make the current iOS 9 or next-generation iOS 10 run smoothly, Apple may adopt an A9 chip for this new phone."

Whether or not this new 4-inch iPhone is an updated iPhone 5 or a rebranded iPhone 7c – the iPhone 6s could see significant competition from iPhones on all sizes of the display spectrum.
iPhone 6s vs iPhone 7: 2016 Will Be A HUGE Year For Apple's iPhone

How do I change KitKat 4.4.4 to the latest Lollipop?

Android Lollipop has taken over from Android KitKat. But How do I change KitKat 4.4.4 to the latest Lollipop?

Ok, there are two ways in which you can update your device to Android 5 Lollipop from Android 4.4.4 Kitkat.

Option 1:

Go to settings > About > Software update > Uncheck "Update via WiFi only".

Continue with the download and install process.

This should start downloading the update files.

Option 2:

If the above procedure didn't work, try this.

1. Go to google, search for the OTA update (Over-the-air) file for your model, eg, <lollipop ota for X, x is your phone model>
You should be able to download the OTA files easily.

2. Install a custom recovery on your phone. (TWRP is recommended)
TeamWin - TWRP

3. Boot into recovery.

4. Clear cache/dalvik cache.

5. Install the .zip file from the recovery.

6. Reboot the phone, and it will be booted into Android Lollipop.

Road to Muktinath being blacktopped

The Muktinath Temple located in Mustang is one of the popular destinations among domestic and foreign tourists.

PARBAT :

The blacktopping of Kagbeni-Muktinath road section in Mustang, the district across the Himalaya, has begun.

The seven-kilometre road section linking Kagbeni to the historic place of Muktinath would be the first blacktopped road in the district.

The district-based Rural Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project is assisting to upgrade the route. The blacktopping is expected to complete by the mid of 2017, said District Technica

l Office’s Engineer Rabindra Tiwari.
The upgrading of the route is estimated to cost Rs 108 million.
Though the district has road sections stretching to 250 kilomtres, no section has been blacktopped so far.

Devotees coming to visit the famous Muktinath Temple here will be benefitted once the route is upgraded.

Summary of GRAND MOTHER : Ray Young Bear

Unit One : Love And Reminiscence

Grandmother – Ray Young Bear

The Heritage of Words

“ Grandmother” written by American- Indian poet Ray Young Bear is a recollection of poet ’s unfathomable love for his grandmother . The poet draws the picture of his grandmother – all loving, all inspiring - through the use of images .

As a grandson , the poet ’s heart is very close to his grandmother . This poem presents the poets deep sense of intimacy and closeness to his grandmother even after her death. He can not forget her . Her images come into his mind as fresh as before . He could recognize her by all senses except taste. If the poet would see her from a long distance, he could easily recognize her . Her warm and damp hands with the smell of roots on his head would make him guess that those were her caressing hands . Even the voice coming out of her tombstone would flow inside him like a light coming from a sleeping fire at night . Her words would inspire him and enlighten his spirit .

If the poet saw her from a long distance, he would tell that she was his grand mother . There are certain features to know , she would were a purple scarf and go market with plastic shopping bag . The “ Purple Scarf” and the “ Plastic Shopping Bag” represent our sense of sight . She would come home back working in the field . She would wash her hands. Her hands were wet and had the smell of roots . Due to the smell of roots he could recognize her without looking at her . She would work in the field so there was smell . This smell made him recognize her . “ Smelling of roots” represent sense of smelling. She would touch his head and would care it. He would know it was her hand. “ Touching his head ” represent sense of feeling . Some times he would imagine to have heard Noise from the tombstone voice coming form a rock attracts sense of hearing . The rock is metaphorically the tombstone of his grandmother from the very sound he would recognize her . Her words coming from the rock would inspire him like the light of some one stirring ashes from a sleeping fire at night . In this way the poet finds her grandmother all loving all inspiring .

Important Questions :

1. What are the four things that Ray Young Bear remembers about his grandmother ?

Ans . The things that Ray Young Bear remembers about his grandmother are her shape , her purple scarf, warm and damp hands and her inspiring voice.

2. What images do you find in this poem written by a member of the Sauk and Fox (Mesquaki ) Indian tribe of North America ? To what senses do these images appeal ?

Ans . The poet has used images to discover two intertwined themes – recollection of his grandmother at one level and search for identity at another level . The images like ‘purple scarf’, ‘ plastic shopping bag ’, ‘the light … at night ‘ appeal to our sense of sight. These images also have symbolic link to the Indian culture. ‘Plastic shopping bag ’ indicates the poverty of Indian tribe . ‘The light …. at night ’ associates that the spirituality of Indian culture guides him in the modern corrupt American society . The images like ‘smell of root ’ appeal to our sense of smell . It indicates the work ethic of Indian tribe and his grandmother . They are near to nature and are good farmers . ‘Warm and damp hands’ appeal to our sense of touch. It also shows how his grandmother and Indian tribes work in fields with pleasure and sense of duty. ‘ A voice’ and ‘her words ’ appeal to our sense of hearing . This indicates how the teachings and philosophy of Indian culture enlightens his spirits. Thus by the use of images , the poet has symbolically linked his grandmother to the lost culture of Indian tribe .

Question for Practice :

1 . What are the four things that Ray Young Bear remembers about his grandmother ?

2 . What is the main idea of the poem ?

3 . What impression of grandmother does the speaker give in the poem ‘Grandmother ’?

Summary of ABOUT LOVE : Anton Chekhov

Unit One : Love And Reminiscence

About Love – Anton Chekhov

The Heritage of Words

“ About Love “ presents three dimensional love stories . The first love is of Nikanor and Palegeya , second is of Alyohin and a Russian girl, and the third Alyohin and a married women Anna. The Love of Luganovich and Anna is one of the third parts . These three stories are the representatives of the three categories of love.

The first story is an example of violent love story. The main character - Nikanor - was drunkard, and interestingly religious minded . In due course of his stay in Alyolin ’s house, he fell in love with Palegeya . He instated that Palageya married him . Sometime he used to beat her in his intoxicated state to prevent herself from her husband. She used to hide under the bed of Alyohin. Second love- story is the materialistic love. The lady is concerned with the money only . Every time Alyohin held her in his arm, she used to ask for a months allowance. Third story , which is the main story, is the unexpressed love. It presents a sequence of events in the life of Alyohin and his attraction towards Anna .

According to the story , Alyohin was a student and his father was a farmer. Therefore, his father spent the amount needed for his study at university. Because of it, he was in debt . To pay debt Alyohin had no options but to return to his farm and labored hard . However , his desire to live civilized life continued and to fulfill it, he stayed up stairs , read a book , and drank liquor but it did not last long . One night a priest came and drank the whole of his liquor . From that day onwards he stared living downstairs and slept on the sledge (small hut ).

Before he was here , he was appointed as honorary judge in town . During his period, he came in contact with a Luganovich, who surprisingly invited Alyohin for dinner in his home . When they were having dinner , he got an opportunity to see Anna. From the very first sight, he started to like her . He found her beautiful , impressive and elegant . Hence, his first meeting with the lady reminded an unforgettable event . It was spring when he met her . In the summer, he was in his farm , but the memory of the lady remained . He desired very much to meet , but could not meet until autumn . In autumn , he went to the town where he met with Anna. She showed her worry about Alyohin and expressed wonder at his condition . After the show was over , he went to Anna house , talked with her husband, but returned back as usual without confessing his love for her .
After it he kept on going to her house in his every visit to his town . At Anna’ s house, he was welcomed cordially and regarded as noble fellow. When he met her , she played piano with him , talked for hours , but their mind remained unexpressed . The Luganoviches sometimes requested him not to hesitate in asking for any kind of help . He also did not hesitate in doing so . In return he brought gifts from the village .

Days passed in the same ways; neither had they expressed love. But he started appearing in the behavior of Anna. She behaved in mocking ( smiling ) way with Alyohin- at his fault she appreciated him. At last Anna had to go to another place for her mental treatment . When it was the time for Anna’s departure , Alyohin entered into the apartment of Anna . There their eyes met which resulted in kissing one another , and expressing their love. However , their reunion did not result into their marriage . Alyohin got down in the next station , and there after they did not meet .

This story has a frame. In the beginning the sky is grey and the trees are drenched . The environment is gloomy. In the end , when the Alyohin unloads his heart about love, the shining sun appears, after the rainfall . Alyohin tells this story in between this frame to his two guests: Burkin and Ivan.

Important Questions :

1. What kinds of love experiences are suggested by Alyohin in “ About Love ”?

Ans . In “ About Love ” , three kinds of love experiences are suggested by Alyohin. The first one is the love affair between Nikanor and Pelageya . Their love is sensual , often violent. Though there is no understanding between them , sexual passion binds them . Their love is not bound by marital relation . The second love affair is between Alyohin and a girl when he was studying in the university. Though Alyohin loved her , she thought love as a way to earn money . This love affair can be seen as the ugliest where sex is exchanged with money . The third love affair between Alyohin and Anna Alexeyevna can be termed as unexpressed love or spiritual love. Their heart meet , but being trapped by middle class morality, their love remains unexpressed . They sacrifice their love for more good. Alyohin sacrifices his love because he thinks that it would bring disaster in the life of her children , mother and husband. Similarly , Alexeyevna does not express her love thinking that she wasn’t young enough to live with him .

2. Sketch the Character of Alyohin .

Ans . Alyohin, a bachelor and a university graduate, lived in Sofinyo working labourously in his farm . He had to work in his farm to pay the debt that his father had spent on his education. He desired a civilized living of the upper class but could not afford it. In the past while he was a university student , he fell in love with a girl who only loved his money . Since he was elected honorary justice of the peace, he often visited town to take part in assizes and sessions. Once he was invited to the home of Luganovich to dine. There he met Anna Alexeyevna , aged 22 and married to Luganovich. They fell in love with each other but could not express their love. They chatted for hours , went to the theatre together but they parted coldly the next time. Later Anna suffered from nervous prostration and was sent to Crimea for treatment . During her departure , Alyohin had courage to confess his love and kissed her , but had to part with her forever .
Alyohin’s vision of love is shaped by his own love affair . He thinks that when people are in love, they ask whether it is honorable or dishonorable , sensible or stupid , and what their love will lead to . For him, this reasoning is the source of dissatisfaction and irritation . He thinks that love is a great mystery. When one is in love, one should start love from higher , without reasoning whether their love is sin or virtue , or whether it brings happiness or unhappiness . According to him to what extent personal happiness counts in love is uncertain, it differs from person to person.
Alyohin is like a squirrel in a cage. He is trapped by reason, middle class morality and poverty . He is a man - of- thought. He fears to express his love to Anna because he is too much thoughtful about society’ s moral standards. He sacrifices his love thinking that his marriage to Anna Alexeyevna would ruin the lives of her , her children , her mother and her husband. He fears that he could not make her happy in his country house.

3. Sketch the Character of Anna Alexeyevna.

Ans . Anna Alexeyevna is the main female character in the story “ About Love ” . She is a beautiful and charming young lady aged twenty -two . She is married to Luganovich, assistant president of the circuit court and aged over forty . Her marriage to an old man can be seen as the cause of her suffering . Her sexual urge cannot be fulfilled by the man double her age . So, she tries to get emotional fulfillment from Alyohin which later turns into love. She is also trapped in reason. She does not confess her love to Alyohin though she deeply loves him because she fears society’ s moral standards. She also thought that she was not young and energetic enough for him to begin a new married life . Later she becomes the victim of nervous prostration because of psychological depression and nervousness .

Question for Practice :

1 . Why did Alyohin and Anna Alexeyevna conceal their love to each other ?

2 . Explain , “ Love is different in each situation” .

3 . Explain , “ Love isn’ t confined by marital relationship ” .

Summary of THE LAMENTATION OF THE OLD PENSIONER : W.B. Yeats

UNIT ONE : LOVE AND REMINISCENCE

THE LAMENTATION OF THE OLD PENSIONER

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

W.B. Yeast

W.B Yeats in his poem The Lamentation of the Old Pensioner recollects his young and energetic youth and laments at his neglected state in his old age.
Understanding a long journey of life through ups and downs the poet feels tired, upset and heading a neglected life in his old age. The poet in his old age now is companion less and protecting himself from the rain taking shelter under a broken tree.

But in his young and colorful days in the past. The poet used to be surrounded by his friends discussing love and politics in such raining days. He was actively involved in politics and the political situation was calm and quiet during his time. He recollects the peaceful political situation of his time and contracts the present violent political situation where people are collecting weapons and making conspiracy to over through the government to get power however, the poet is different about present political situation who is mentally thinking about cruel time that has transfigured him from young to old depriving him from enjoying his colorful life.

The poet in his old age now feels neglected and lonely and struggles with difficulties of life alone. However, the memory of his glorious past days when he used to be the point of attention and attraction to everybody is still very fresh in his mind. Although, he is physically weak, old and disfigured now, his memory is still interact which time is not being able to remove from his mind. The poet considers that the time is responsible for his present neglected condition. Therefore, the poet expresses his anger with the time by splitting into its face for changing him from young to old.

Summary of TWO LONG TERM PROBLEMS : TOO MANY PEOPLE, TOO FEW TREES : Moti Nissani

UNIT TWO : ECOLOGY AND CHANGE

TWO LONG TERM PROBLEMS : TOO

MANY PEOPLE, TOO FEW TREES

Moti Nissani

In the brief essay, Two Long Term Problems: Too Many People, Too Few Trees, Moti Nissani discusses two inter related problems they are, overpopulation and deforestation. With their impact showing several consequences of the twin problems, the writer makes us aware about our duties to solve them and to save the bio-sphere for our future generation.
Scientist from all over the world express their serious concern (worry) about present state of bio-sphere as human activities caused very serious damage on environment and on critical resources. With the introduction of modern medical facilities, nutrition and sanitation, the world’s population started growing more than 80 million per year. In Nepal only, in less than 50 years the population increases at the rate of 2.5% per year from 9 million to 25 million. If this alarming growth continuous unchecked, the population of Nepal will be 46 million by 2026 A.D. which would be very difficult for Nepal to accommodate.

In order to feed more people, more forest, lands are destroyed in a very large scale.
As a result, soil erosion, desertification, flood, landslide, tropical diseases, siltation of rivers and dams and mass migration are increasing. High growth of population has already polluted our food, air, water, rivers, soil, drains and farms. The chances of cancers and emphysema (lungs disease) and asthma are far higher now and we are suffering from pre-mature hearing loss. Lead and dioxide are causing serious effect on children’s intelligence and health. The world has already faced frightening problems such as desertification, acid rain, loss of wild species of plants and animals, ozone layer depletion and green house effect because of human caused pollution.

However the situation could be improved by controlling population and pollution, many factors such as modernization, effective family planning measures equal economic, educational and legal opportunities to woman will help to control the rapid population growth. In order to set this world for our future generation, we must save forest by reducing population pressure on it through effective family planning measures and educating people. We may also save the forest by making effective and strict laws with a provision to impose high tax on wood product and provision of incentive for pressuring forest. There should be a provision in the law to punish severely for destroying forest. Massive reforestation, another effective step will benefit the world in conserving biodiversity, pristine wildness and to minimize desertification, flood and weather extremes. By controlling population and saving forest, we may solve this planet for our future generation utilizing our knowledge to convert our wisdom, courage and passion into practice to turn this world into a heaven.

Summary of FULL FATHOM FIVE THY FATHER LIES : William Shakespeare

UNIT TWO : ECOLOGY AND CHANGE

FULL FATHOM FIVE THY FATHER LIES

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS
W. Shakespeare

The poem "Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies" is written by famous English poet and playwright (dramatist)William Shakespeare. This poem appears to be in Act-I, Scene-2 of his tragic comedy play The Tempest. Aerial sings this song to Ferdinand, the prince of Naples who mistakenly thinks that his father is drowned and arrives on the Solitary Island in search of his father.

Aerial says that the body of Ferdinand’s father keeps lying 30 ft. below in the sea. His bones are changed into precious corals and his eyes have been transformed into pearls. No part of his body has decayed but changed into something very strange and precious thing belonging to the sea. The sea nymphs are ringing the funeral bell every hour and morning the death of Ferdinand’s father.

Aerial consoles Ferdinand that even the death of his father becomes very meaningful because no part of his body is decayed rather changed into strange and very precious things of the sea. The poet in his poem expresses that death is the door step towards eternity which is an inevitable truth of life. Everyone has to confront (face) it, presenting the poem beautifully using various poetic devices, the poet expresses that even the death could be very meaningful it leads towards eternity and spiritual freedom.

Summary of HURRIED TRIP TO AVOID A BAD STAR : M. Lilla and C. Bishop Berry

UNIT TWO : ECOLOGY AND CHANGE

HURRIED TRIP TO AVOID A BAD STAR

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

M. Lilla and C. Bishop Berry

American geographers M. Lilla and C. Bishop Barry in their essay Hurried trip to avoid a Bad Star present an exploration of Karnali zone of western Nepal on foot for 15 months. This essay was published as a visit report in The National Geographic as Karnali, The road less World of Western Nepal in 1971. The writers in this essay describe the life account of Karnali zone people, their daily life, their tradition and culture, their lack of awareness about environmental preservation and Karnali zone’s economic dependency with the plain region of south Nepal.

With a view to study above mentioned aspects, the writers move to plain of south Nepal with the peasants (farmers) who were going towards Nepalgunj for their daily provisions. They were carrying medicinal herbs, hand knitted sweaters and blankets etc. to sell in Nepalgunj while climbing step hill near Hari Lekh a Chhetri women of about 36 requested them to send her husband back home who left the house 15 years ago in search of job in the Terai. For this request revealed the concept of Karnali zone people about parameter of the world. In a Sal forest slope the writers noticed the chopping down trees from several direction which indicated the possibility of rapid deforestation in the region. On enquiry, the people explained their compulsion to chop down the trees to feed their animals which exposed their lack of education and ignorance about the importance of preservation of environment. The writers noticed a group of 8 or 9 men in a forest processingSilajit in order to sell in Nepalgunj. This superstitious people made a hurried trip from their home valley to avoid evil influence of bad star. On arrival in Nepalgunj the writers watched the hill people buying their daily provisions; one of them spent all his money buying distillery equipments with a hope to earn money by selling alcohol.

The writers concluded their journey at Jumla. They expressed their concern on lack of awareness on Karnali zone people about protection of nature and about the need of educating people regarding this vital aspect. They expressed that Karnali zone people were living in very difficult place with a very low agricultural production. The writers suggested them to involve themselves in trade with the Terai region in order to make their life easy with satisfactory earning.

Summary of TRAVELING THROUGH THE DARK : William Stafford

UNIT TWO : ECOLOGY AND CHANGE

TRAVELING THROUGH THE DARK

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

William Stafford

“Traveling through the Dark” composed by William Stafford presents dual responsibilities of any person has possibility of facing: one self-entered and another community-centered. By the end, he moralizes that one has to make choice between the two, and such choice is also ways self-centered.

It was dark and the poet was traveling along the road by Wilson River. On the way, he saw a dead deer. He thought it would be better if he threw the deer into canyon because the road was very narrow and his returning would cause more deaths. Thinking of throwing, he got down from his car. And he went towards the deer.

While the deer. While he dragged for the purpose of throwing, he saw that she was pregnant. This reality forced him to tough the deer’s side.He felt warmth and knew that her fawn was still alive.

Consequently, he found difficulty in deciding. He looked towards his vehicles. It was aiming its parking light ahead, its engine was continuously purring. He stood there and tried to hear the sound of his friends coming but he could not. He thought for longer about himself and about his friends. He thought at returning also. But, at last, he pushed the deer into the river.

Summary of A Story

UNIT THREE : HUMOUR AND SATIRE

A STORY

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Dylan Thomas

This humorous story is narrated by a very young who is living with his uncle and aunt. In this story, the boy presents the adults' world from a child’s point of view. This story is about a day’s outing to Porthcawl by motor coach. In the first part of the story, the boy describes his uncle and aunt using metaphors and similes. The uncle was big and noisy whereas his wife was small and quiet who used to move on padded paws. The boy compares his uncle with a buffalo and a dismantle ship. He compared his aunt with her cat because of her quick and quiet movement and with a mouse because of her nibbling habit and tiny tone.

Every Saturday night after heated arguments, the aunt used to hit the uncle on the head after the uncle lifted her on to a chair. The boy also describes uncle’s few friends in the story. Mr. Benjamin Franklyn collected the money for the outing and bought 20 cases of light wine. Will Sentry kept a strict vigil on Benjamin by following him everywhere in order to guard the money. One Sunday evening Benjamin and Will Sentry came to uncle with a list of persons who had paid for the outing for his approval. After their departure, the aunt asked the uncle to choose either her or the outing. The uncle however chose the outing at which she became furious at breakfast. The next Sunday the boy found that the aunt had already left the house.

Finally the boy describes that the uncle and his friends made a trip to Porthcawl for the outing. When they were out of the village for their destination, they found that old O’Jones had been left behind and they had to go back to the village to pick up him. After O’Jones got on, Mr. Weazely wanted to go home to take his teeth. However his friends convinced him that the teeth wouldn’t be necessary for him in the outing. On the way to the Porthcawl they stopped at every public house (Bar) and drank alcohol heaving the boy outside as children were not allowed into the bars on seem a river on the way they went swimming there. They didn’t actually arrive at Porthcawl on the way home, it was already hate everything. Old O’Jones started cooking his dinner with kerosene stove and other members started drinking alcohol sitting in a circle in front of closed bar. The boy began to sleep leaning on his uncle’s waist coat.

The writer in the story is also able to create humor by describing the uncle, aunt, uncle’s friends and their behavior. However, the writer points out towards the bitter aspect connected with human behavior and habit of drinking alcohol. Alcoholic drink may change people’s behavior making them selfish, cruel and indifferent towards others suffering. Alcohol brings the nice atmosphere of uncle’s family on the verge of breakfast. Uncle and his friends also exhibited cruelty towards the small boy after drinking alcohol as they were totally careless about him during the entire trip.

Summary of THE LAST VOYAGE OF THE GHOST SHIP : Garcia Marquez

UNIT THREE : HUMOUR AND SATIRETHE

LAST VOYAGE OF THE GHOST SHIP

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Garcia Marquez

Gabriel Garcia Marquez in his story The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship which is written in Stream of consciousness style of writing describes the growth of an ordinary boy to an assertive (strong and confident) young man.

Many years ago, at night in the month of March the boy saw very large ship without light and sound while moving towards sandy beach near the village the boy saw the ship breaking and sinking into the sea but he didn’t hear any sound. The boy thought that he had a bad dream in the previous night as he didn’t see any wreckage at the place where the ship broke into pieces.

The boy saw the same ship appearing
at the same place and destroying like previous year and he was sure that he wasn’t dreaming. He told his mother about the ship but she didn’t believe him and thought her son became crazy. His mother used to spend almost her night sitting on her chair after the death of her husband 11 years ago. As the chair was very old she brought second hand chair from the market.

But she died that very night sitting on the newly bought chair. Four more women from the same village also died sitting on the same chair. So the chair was thrown into the sea considering it is an evil chair. After the death of his mother the boy became orphan and started stealing fish form the boats to survive rather than depending on the charity of the villagers who had hated him.

A few years later at night in the month of March the boy saw the same ship while watching the ship. He shouted loudly calling the villagers to watch the ship. But when the villagers reached there, the ship had already broken and sunk into the sea. The poor boy was beaten badly for disturbing and scaring the villagers at midnight.

The boy made a plan to show that them the ship so that they would believe him. A few years later in the same night of March, the boy stole a boat and kept waiting for the ship where he had seen in last year. When the ship arrived he lit a lamp on his boat, the ship followed the light and the boy let the ship towards his village. When the ship brought near the village, he blew its large whistle and lit all the lights. All the villagers wake up because of the sound and started coming out of their houses.

The ship came onto the ground by the village and stopped moving in front of the church, then all the villagers saw the ship and believed the boy, the boy became very happy.

Summary of GOD'S GRANDEUR

UNIT FOUR : GOD AND MAN

GOD'S GRANDEUR

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Gerard Manley Hopkins

God’s Grandeur by an English poet G.M. Hopkins describes the majestic deeds of God. He claims that God is omnipresent (present everywhere) and omnipotent (the most powerful). The good deeds on earth are also the results of these qualities of God. Thought human beings continuously destroy nature, it is never spent.

The world is full of the greatness of God. Due to His greatness, the world shines like ‘a shook foil’. It gathers to greatness, as it is full of resources. Despite this fact, human beings act adversely. They don’t follow the commands of God; rather they function to destroy the world.
Earlier generations destroyed the earth and so is the case with the present generation.

They act as if they are not rational creatures. As a result of their deeds, the earth and so is the case with the present generation, they act as if they are not rational creatures. As a result of their deed, the earth has become dry; it has the smell of human beings instead of its natural smell. Indeed the earth has reached to the verge of destruction.

Nevertheless, the world is not completely destroyed. Because of the freshness that is inside things. Nature keeps on regenerating. The sun sets in the evening only to reappear in the morning. These all happenings are the results of the god’s protection. He protects the earth just like a bird broods over the eggs.

The poet is of the opinion that human beings acts are always directed towards destruction: knowingly or unknowingly they destroy though human beings destroy, the nature regenerates because of the omnipresent and omnipotent nature of god.

Summary of I HAVE A DREAM : Martin Luther King, Jr

UNIT FIVE : HUMAN RIGHTS

I HAVE A DREAM

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr-known for his policy of passive resistant and oratorical skills, a leader of black people and campaigner of civil rights-delivered the speech “I have a dream” on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. King states that Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation frees the slaves announced on 22 September 1862, American Constitution drew up in 1787 preserving of individual and federal states’ rights and Declaration of Independence based on unalienable rights; Life, Liberty and Pursuit of happiness issued on 4 July 1776 were limited on the paper but the implementation was strictly beyond from the people and nation. So King assists his views to provide freedom and equality to black peoples and eliminate the racial injustice by developing the sense of brother hood and sister hood and unity among black and white.

King questions on the implementation of written rights stating that Negros are still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and chains of discrimination. They are neglected and are in exile in their own land. For freedom and equality, until the Negros is granted their citizenship rights, they will continue their non-violence revolution. In the response, they must forever conduct their struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline and allow their creative protest to degenerate in to physical force with soul force. Their action should not cause any distrust in among the white people because their destiny is tied up with the destiny of the white. So they should develop the sense of our.

The black people will be satisfied when they are not oppressed by the police brutality guided by white. When they are tired they must get lodging in the Motels and Hotels. They should be allowed to go where the whites go and get the rights to vote with the sense of why they are voting. King reinforces the people to keep the fighting until they get justice and they are created equal. His dream is deeply rooted in the American dream which gives the priority on material prosperity. It is a dream of freedom and equality, Justice and security, and dream of the land where the content of character is more important than color of skin. All the racists will no longer believe in color. The black and the whites will work together, eat together and they will be brothers and sisters. All the differences will disappear. There will be a sweet music of liberty which will be common of the Americans guided/inspired by Negros spirit resounding all over the country. At last they will all be free.

Summary of WOMEN'S BUSINESS

UNIT SIX : WOMEN AND CHILDREN

WOMEN'S BUSINESS

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Ilene Kantrov

Ilene Kandrov in her essay Women’s Business paints the portraits of Lydia E. Pinkham and other business women who have been successful in American business world. The women discussed in the essay were not only business women but also involved in social service particularly in educating people about issues and problems related to women. However it was clear that their interest in making money was more important than their interest in improving society.

Most of the business women used lavish and misleading advertisement for improving their business. For example, Lydia E. Pinkham who was in favor of stopping people in drinking alcohol sold her products that it was very alcoholic. She put steps into the business field with self invented machine called Lydia E. Pinkham’s vegetable compound. She claimed that her machine was complete remedy for all kind of diseases faced by women. She also took advantages of woman weakness to improve her business. By using different new techniques she activated the women in America and established herself in very respectable position in American business and secured a place for a lady in male dominated world of commerce.

Like Pinkham her followers also successfully utilized their images of being woman to promote their business. Helena Rubinstein and Elizabeth Arden who were rivals used to sell cosmetic products. They arranged their managers with European aristocrats with wide publicity in order to promote their business. In addition to skin care products and cosmetics, they ran salon (beauty parlour) sold readymade clothes and render advice on nutrition and exercise. Rubinstein published a book describing good food habit to keep own self beautiful and healthy which she distributed with her products.
Jeeni Grossinger owned a resort hotel famous for its good food and entertainment and served more than one lakh fifty thousand customers per year. Mergaut Rudkin, considering the need to support her husband’s income began to sell additive free breads was able to establish herself in good position of American business and earning a lot of money. Gertude Muller sold entire line of child care products and distribution pamphlets on child raring with her products. Doctors and home economy instructions supported her in distributing the pamphlets which help her to get wide publicity and to earn money securing respectable position in the society. Annie Turnbo Malone, a black American lady sold a hair dressing preparation making hair look nice. She also develops a new business strategy by forming a network of authorized agents. She established a school for training her agents in her Pro System of Hair Dressing and claimed that the school was for the upliftment of black people.

Many of the business women utilized their profit for the benefit of the society Turnbo Malone, Helena Rubinstein and Jenni Grossinger were noted philanthropists who contribution Lavishly to school, hospital and cultural organization. Because of the misleading publicity of business women about their products the government was compelled to regulate agency FOA and FTC to control such practices. The writer says that the American women were able to introduce feminine role in the male dominant world of commerce. They are also able to establish themselves in respectable positions in American society.

Summary of THE CHILDREN WHO WAIT : Marsha Traugot

UNIT SIX : WOMEN AND CHILDREN

THE CHILDREN WHO WAIT

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Marsha Traugot

‘The Childern who wait’ is an essay written by Marsha Traugot. In this essay, she suggests reasons for a new trend in adoption in America. Now a wider verity of families can open their house to children who in the past would have been labeled unadoptable.

In the beginning of her essay she quotes an advertisement related to a five and half year’s old girl- Tammy. She is a handicapped black girl and she is beyond infancy. After giving her description Traugot carries out the history about adoption .Twenty years ago or until about 1960 the process of adoption was strict. If a child was not white that would not adopted. Adoption was done only of the child that was infant and healthy. A family having older siblings could not also take a child in adoption. Similarly, only middle or upper class childless white couples could adopt healthy white infants.

But in the last 20 years the field of adoption has undergone radical change because of various civil rights movement, birth control, changing moral and social science researches. The numbers of healthy infants available for adoption have reduced due to birth control, legalized abortion, changes in attitudes towards sexual behavior and marriage. Unwed mothers and teenagers could keep their babies with them without insult. Then there was scarcity of the healthy children people turned their attention to other children.

Child welfare specialists became increasingly concerned about other handicapped children. Black civil rights movement encouraged interracial adoption. So the number of children in foster care dramatically increased. It created disastrous results to the children sent in foster care. So the focus of the system was changed and the social workers started finding the ideal adoptive family. In the present time, the social workers also try to match the children with adoptive family. They evaluate the characteristics of the child and search a suitable (appropriate) family.

The essayist also says that in seeking to match child and family, the social worker must overcome his/her own attitudinal barriers .in the present time there are many adoption agencies that find the potential adoptive parents. These agencies look first to the families listed with them. If there are also no likely candidates the child can register with regional state of adoption exchange. Sometimes they also organize parties where children, workers and prospective parents meet informally. If the prospective family cannot be found to a child even after doing these processes to the child is advertised with the help of media. This technique has helped much to provide homes to the children who wait.

Because of the changes in attitudes in different aspects as well as in the field of adoption many children have got the supportive families and writer also hopes that Tammy will also get a warm supportive family life in the near future.

Summary of A CHILD IS BORN : Germaine Greer

UNIT SIX : WOMEN AND CHILDREN

A CHILD IS BORN

ENGLISH : THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Germaine Greer

This essay is an extract from the book “Sex and Destiny” written by a feminist writer Germaine Greer. In this essay, she presents a comparison between the parent-child relationship in the rich west and the traditional East. She shows the differences between a traditional society and a modern society in matters of pregnancy, child birth and child rearing. She tends to consider the matrimonial practices of the traditional societies as having greater advantages than those of western attitudes. Her main opinion is that in the traditional societies the people who surround a pregnant woman make her feel good and lessen her mental pain.
A pregnant woman of the traditional society in the east does not feel alone while she is pregnant because other people also support her. But in the modern society of the west the woman herself should observe her pregnancy. In this society the birth of the child is also unattended and it is done at hospital. But in traditional society the birth is always attended. The people of traditional society use their own experiences in matters of matrimonial practices.

In many traditional societies, after marriage the bride goes to live with the mother-in-low and the wives of her husband’s brothers. She is not thought as member of new families until she has to birth a child. So the bride also longs for the child, but western people think that such mores (custom) are backward, cruel and wrong. The reality is that in western society, too, woman loses her surname after the marriage. Her surname is changed under her husband’s name. In many traditional societies the relationship between mother and child is more important than the relationship between husband and wife. In some such societies the child’s relationship with the rest of his family is more important than with his parents. His physical intimacy with other members may be greater than with his parents.

In the traditional society the child birth is celebrated as a ceremony. It is also thought as the success of the woman. The woman goes to her mother’s house where she is provided everything that she desires. Such tradition can be found in Bengal. But child birth is not celebrated in this way in modern society. There is the present of nostalgic tone in woman in this society.
In the present time the import of western medicine in traditional society has been a great problem. The allopathic doctors are providing expensive drugs in peasant communities, but they are not in sufficient quantity. Modern hospitals have been made by foreign aid in traditional society. But the services in those hospitals are very poor, so the woman is getting great difficulties at the time of child birth (delivery). it is true that death attends too frequently in the traditional birth places, but there are worse fates than death in hospitals. Now modern western technology is forcefully intruding in traditional society but it is true that there is the population explosion soon.

Summary of THE TELL-TALE HEART : Edgar Allam Poe

UNIT SEVEN : CRIME AND CONFESSION

THE TELL TALE HEART

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Edgar Allan poe

Edgar Allan Poe's story The Tell – Tale Heart presents murderous act done by a boy and confessions done later. Poe describe that our heart really can hide the inner reality. Despite desire of secrecy, our heart reveals what there is.

Summary:
The narrator claims that he is not mad as he could hear things in the heaven, earth and hell. To justify him saint, he confesses dangerous crime he has committed.

The narrator and the old man used to reside together; they had very good relationship. The boy used to love the man very much. The old man also used to treat him well. The only thing that irritated the boy was the eye of him. To end the consequences, he went to the old man's room continuously for seven days. But returned, as he could not see the eyes of the man. In the morning he spoke politely and behaved as if nothing had happened.

On the eighth nights, he as usual went there with torchlight. He did every thing stealthy and cautiously. Despite it, he happened to touch tin fastening, which dropped and disturbed the sleep of the man. In desperation, he asked who it was. The boy remained speechless and motionless. A little later his sense brought him the reason that the old man easy asleep again, he aimed the beam towards the old man's eyes. As he saw them, he grew angry. He then, jumped towards the man, dragged the man and pressed his neck with bed. At last, he dismembered the old man's dead body and put it under the plank. After it, he cleaned the place spotlessly clean. It was already four when he finished the task. At four, the three policemen appeared and rang the bell. The boy went there; welcome them bought to his room and took to every nook and corner of his house. The policemen didn't suspect any wrong there. The boy took them to the spot where he had hidden the corpse of the old man. He cordially asked them to sit on the chair, which he had kept there.

He sat there just over the plank whereas policeman continued talking with smiling face. The boy, at the mean time, heard sound coming from beneath. He desired to reduce the loudness of the sound. For this purpose, he spoke louder; though it didn't do any good. He felt the sound growing; he felt the policemen’s smile as the smile of mockery. It became unbearable for him to keep the reality secret. H thought it better to confess than to hide. Eventually he confessed the crime.

Summary of PURGATORY : William Butler Yeats

UNIT SEVEN : CRIME AND CONFESSION

PURGATORY

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

William Butler Yeats

W. B. Yeats "Purgatory" deals on the theme of crime and confession. He presents the predicament of a family; the family whose history is pathetic; present and future is also similar to the past. He shows the spirit suffering because of the wrong deeds of the past. Moreover, he depicts what a person does to relieve the soul from purgatory.

Summary:
The boy and his father walk on the moonlight night; they are near a ruined house. Pointing towards the house, the old man describes the past of it. The house used to be occupied by his mother and her husband. The mother of the old man had married with the groom of the stable as soon as she met him. The man later turned out to be a drunkard and gambler.

Due to drinking and gambling he emptied everything she had. The mother died during giving birth to him. The father continued his misdeed, which
at last resulted into the complete destruction of house. Because of fear-the fear of his son becoming greater than him, he didn't send him to school. When he was sixteen, his father burnt down the house. This situation creates anger in the boy. As a result the old man got killed with a knife. The boy then became a peddler.

The old man tells his bastard son that the night is the anniversary of mother's wedding. As he finishes telling his son about the past, a shadow appears to which the man can only see. A little later her husband also appears, and they both proceed towards room. The old man objects to the way they go inside. After the incident is over the boy talks about property he has acquired. The bastard son demands for his share in property of his father, which is denied by him. I arises anger in him. As a result he takes moneybag from his father.

A quarrel starts between them; the boy gets killed at last with the knife of the old man. The old man, after it, addresses his mother and claims that he has ended the consequences. He hopes that the soul of mother would be purified.

Summary of HANSEL AND GRETEL : Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

UNIT EIGHT : PLAYING WITH THE TEXT

HANSEL AND GRETEL

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Jacob and Wilhelm

A poor woodcutter used to live with his second wife and two children called Hansel and Gretel. Once, when the country was in famine father was really in trouble to maintain the family. His wife wasn’t even worried a little about the children. She rather insisted her husband to desert them into the dense forest. The woodcutter didn’t like the idea but he had to accept his wife’s proposal.

The children overheard their parents and Hansel collected jacket full of shiny pebbles. The next morning, he dropped the pebbles on the way while going to the forest. When they reached the middle of the forest, the parents collected firewood, kindled fire and left the children promising to return soon with firewood. The children soon fell asleep. When they woke up, it was already dark. Gretel began to cry and Hansel consoled her. As the moon shone in the sky, they saw the pebbles shining brightly. Following the trail of pebbles they finally reached their home.

After a few months, the country was again affected by famine and the children overheard their parents’ plan to leave them in the forest again. As the door was bolted from outside, Hansel couldn’t go outside to get pebbles this time. In the morning, when they were taken to the forest he scrambled the bread and dropped the pieces on the way. The parents left them in the forest promising them to come back soon. When the children woke in the evening, they couldn’t find the pieces of bread as they had been eaten away by birds. They were lost in the forest. They wandered for three days trying to find out the way to come out of the forest.

Finally, they came to a little house made of sugar and bread in the middle of the forest where a witch used to live. When the hungry children started eating the door and window of the house, the witch took them in and offered them food and rest. The witch wanted Hansel to become fat so that she could eat his meat. Even elapsing four weeks, when Hansel didn’t become fat, she decided to eat him. When she asked Gretel to check the readiness of the oven, Gretel requested her to demonstrate how to check it. When the witch entered into the oven, Gretel pushed the witch and locked her from outside. When the witch died, Gretel freed Hansel and they escaped away after collecting the jewels from the witch’s room. Finally, when they came back home, they found that their step mother had already been dead. So they lived happily with their father.

Summary of GRETEL : Garrison Keillor

UNIT EIGHT : PLAYING WITH THE TEXT

GRETEL

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

Garrison Keillor

Gretel by Garrison Keillor is an interpretation of the story "Hansel and Gretel" from the perspective of a female. The interpreter is Gretel who denies her cowardice in the original story. She claims that the depiction is distorted one.

Gretel says that there was an understanding between her and her brother to sell their story to Grimm brothers. They had signed in a contract paper with an agreement to share fifty-fifty of the profit. But unexpectedly, Gretel found the story published the other day totally different order. The story depicts her as coward and her brother as a brave person. She claims the brother was, in reality, a coward not vice versa. It was her brother who wept time and again, and she had to carry him.

The portrayal of he father and mother is also distorted. Father was not so kind hearted; he was a drunkard; he liked to watch bull fight. Mother was not cruel in any sense jog the word. Gretel describes their parents leaving them in the forest as a natural phenomenon of the time. Parents used to leave the children in forest hoping that they will be better cared in forest by frog, raven or saints. She claims that she was not worried when she in the forest, as she had known the reality. At last, she repents for killing the witch, for the witch was not after her; she had wanted to kill Hansel.

Summary of THE BOARDING HOUSE : James Joyce

UNIT EIGHT - PLAYING WITH THE TEXT

THE BOARDING HOUSE

ENGLISH | THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

James Joyce

James Joyce in the story "The Boarding House" recollects his own days of youth in Dublin by drawing the characters of Mr. Doran and Mrs. Mooney.
Mrs. Mooney was a butcher’s daughter who married to the foreman of his father’s meat shop. After the death of her father, her husband started drinking alcohol and spending monkey from the shop. He started quarrelling with Mrs. Mooney in the presence of customers and soon ruined the business by selling bad meat. Once her husband chased her with large knife in order to kill her and she had to protect herself by hiding in neighbours house. After that incident, Mrs. Mooney left her husband, sold the meat shop and started a boarding house.

Most of the people staying in her boarding house were the workers from the city. Mr. Doran, an employee of an office used to live in the same house. Mrs. Mooney had a 19 years old daughter called Polly Mooney who helped her mother in doing the household work and running the boarding house. Mr. Doran was having a love affair with Polly Mooney. Mrs. Mooney was aware about the love affair but she kept pretending to be unknown about the affair, there by allowing them to proceed ahead in their affair Mrs. Mooney actually wanted Mr. Doran to marry her daughter.

Finally, Mrs. Mooney asked about the affair to her daughter and Polly Mooney revealed everything about their love affair to her mother. Mrs. Mooney was happy but the love affair as Mr. Doran would have to marry her. If he didn’t agree to marry her, he would probably lose his job as the love affair was known to everyone in the city. Analyzing all the aspects of the situation, Mrs. Mooney called Mr. Doran in order to convince him to marry her daughter. Although, he was reluctant to marry miss Polly Mooney because of her education and family background.

He was under pressure to accept the proposal because of the prevailing situation as the affair was already known to everybody. When Mrs. Mooney was trying to persuade Mr. Doran, Ms. Polly Mooney was making a future plan of life with Mr. Doran being very happy.

Flax Golden Tales (Summaries UnitWise)

Business English | Flax-Golden Tales

Complete Four Levels of All Lesson

For : BA / BBS First Year

Moti Nissani and Shreedhar Lohani
Flax- Golden Tales provides a delightful alternative to traditional English -teaching texts. The selection of reading materials and the instructional activities, commentaries, short essays, audio cassettes , and appendixes which accompany them.

Between the two of them , Drs . Lohani and Nissani have published in , studied , and taught English and genetics , media studies and astronomy, psychology and philosophy , linguistics and mathematics, American literature and history, ecology and history of science , science education and interdisciplinary studies . They thus bring unusually diverse backgrounds to language instruction. In particular , Flax -Golden Tales owes much to their experiences of teaching freshman composition , English as a foreign language and literature.

READ ALL THE SUMMARIES UNIT WISE HERE : 

Summaries  (Click Here To Read Unit Wise)

Summary of Invitation ( Silverstein )

Unit-1

Flax-Golden Tales |

Invitation

Four Levels of Interacting with Texts

For : BBS / BA First year

Literal Comprehension :
This poem “ Invitation ” has been composed by 20th century American poet Shel Silverstein . The speaker in the poem invites different persons with different natures with him to accompany with him. He invites the readers who are imaginative as dreamers or even liars who always tell a lie. Hopers who for something are prayer of religious deities or persons with magical power are invited to him . He even invites to the pretenders who pretend to be superior or greater to others . So who ever the readers are all are invited by the speaker to sit by him to spin Flex Golden Tales . The tales are more colorful and very much imaginative, adventurous and with many more outstanding qualities . He invites the readers for four times to accompany him unfolding Flex- Golden Tales .

Interpretation:
The poem “ Invitation ” might be trying to create a good readerships in young generation. Modern young people are not so much interested in reading and enjoy in the literatures. May be they haven’t properly been invited to read . Not being interested in reading the children are more pretenders, liars , magic been players and so on . when they have inner desire for study they will start to read and will be co -readers to spin, colourful Flax- Golden Tales . The speaker’s intension seems to make readers and other people to be more imaginative, creative and have fun in literatures.

Critical Thinking :
The basic intension of the poem seems to make people more creative and productive making a good habit of study . It has easily drawn the attention of different readers . With the repetitive structural pattern the poet seems to be able to convince the readers to go with him to spin some beautiful stories and nice pieces of literatures. The multiple use of ‘come ’ has focused much on the importance of reading and value of good reader . How can one be more creative and interested in literatures if there is no passion with him ? Only invitation without interest becomes useless. Still the poem seems to rise some keen interest for reading .

Assimilation :
Before reading this poem I didn’ t gave keen passion to literature . I had much interest in music, song and sports I used to think literature doesn ’t do any practical thing in our life . When I read this poem , I got an vision that literature , creative works are also the main sources of internal entertainment or happiness , Dreamer , liar , pretender , prayer all could be adjusted in the vast arena of literature. To spin Flex- Golden tales inspired me to enjoy the world of imagination, creativity , and vision, Our life can ’t always be charming if we don ’t love reading by heart.